Counting and number sense to 20
Students start the year getting comfortable with numbers up to 20. They count groups quickly without pointing, place numbers on a line, and use words like more than and less than to compare.
This is the year numbers stretch from a handful to a hundred, and students start seeing them in groups of tens and ones. Students add and subtract within ten until those facts feel automatic, and they split shapes and small sets into equal parts to build the idea of a fraction. They also start measuring with rulers, telling time to the hour and half-hour, and naming coins. By spring, students can count to 100, solve simple addition and subtraction problems quickly, and read a clock at 3:30.
Students start the year getting comfortable with numbers up to 20. They count groups quickly without pointing, place numbers on a line, and use words like more than and less than to compare.
Students learn to add and subtract numbers with answers up to 10. They practice these facts until they come quickly, and they check whether number sentences are true.
Students see that bigger numbers are built from groups of ten and leftover ones. They count to 100 by 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s, and find numbers that are ten more or ten less.
Students name flat and solid shapes and build bigger shapes from smaller ones. They measure how long things are using rulers and everyday objects, and tell time to the hour and half hour.
Students identify pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters and count small amounts of coins. They split shapes and groups into equal parts, and sort information into simple bar graphs and pictographs.
Students count and compare numbers up to 100, learning to see a number like 47 as four groups of ten plus seven ones. This builds the foundation for adding and subtracting larger numbers later.
Students look at a small group of dots or objects and say how many there are without counting one by one. This works with tidy patterns like dice faces or arranged rows, up to 20.
Students group objects into piles of ten to show how two-digit numbers work. A number like 43 means 4 tens and 3 ones, and they use blocks or drawings to show why that's true.
Students read and write numbers up to 100 and show what those numbers mean in different ways, such as drawing pictures, marking tally marks, or placing a number on a number line.
Starting from any number up to 100, students count forward by 1s, 2s, 5s, or 10s while touching or moving real objects to track the count.
Skip-counting is the building block for multiplication. Students practice counting forward by 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s out loud, reaching all the way to 100, without using fingers or objects to keep track.
Starting from any number up to 100, students find what comes 10 steps above it or 10 steps below it. It's the mental jump that makes adding and subtracting by tens feel automatic.
Students look at two or more numbers up to 100 and decide which is greater, which is less, and how to arrange them in order from smallest to largest or largest to smallest.
Students place a number on a blank number line that has no labels, using what they know about how numbers relate to each other. For example, they decide where 13 goes based on knowing it falls between 10 and 20.
Students compare two numbers and say which is more, which is less, or whether they are the same. This is the language behind every number line, price tag, and score they will ever read.
Students add and subtract numbers up to 10 to solve everyday problems, like figuring out how many apples are left after some are eaten or how many total there are when groups are combined.
Students solve simple adding and subtracting problems where the total never goes above 10. They use pictures, objects, or number sentences to show how they got the answer.
Students look at a simple addition or subtraction equation and decide whether both sides actually balance. For example, they check whether 3 + 4 = 8 is true or false.
Students practice adding and subtracting small numbers until the answers come quickly, without counting on fingers. The biggest numbers they work with add up to 10.
Students start learning what it means to split something into equal parts. They might cut a shape in half or share a snack evenly between two people.
Students divide shapes like squares and circles into equal parts using hands-on materials, then check that each piece is the same size.
Students split a small group of objects into two or three equal shares so each share has the same amount. Think dividing 6 apples equally between two friends.
Students match pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters to their cent values. This is the foundation for counting money and making change later on.
Students learn to recognize pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters and know what each one is worth.
Students learn to write the value of a penny, nickel, dime, or quarter using the cent symbol, like 25¢. This connects the coin they can hold to the number they write on paper.
Students count a small pile of matching coins, pennies, nickels, or dimes, and figure out the total amount up to one dollar. They practice counting by ones, fives, or tens depending on which coin they're working with.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Count, compare, and represent whole numbers up to 100, with an emphasis on… | Students count and compare numbers up to 100, learning to see a number like 47 as four groups of ten plus seven ones. This builds the foundation for adding and subtracting larger numbers later. | 1.N.1 |
| Recognize numbers to 20 without counting | Students look at a small group of dots or objects and say how many there are without counting one by one. This works with tidy patterns like dice faces or arranged rows, up to 20. | 1.N.1.1 |
| Use concrete representations to describe whole numbers between 10 and 100 in… | Students group objects into piles of ten to show how two-digit numbers work. A number like 43 means 4 tens and 3 ones, and they use blocks or drawings to show why that's true. | 1.N.1.2 |
| Read, write, discuss | Students read and write numbers up to 100 and show what those numbers mean in different ways, such as drawing pictures, marking tally marks, or placing a number on a number line. | 1.N.1.3 |
| Count forward, with objects, from any given number up to 100 by 1s, 2s, 5s and… | Starting from any number up to 100, students count forward by 1s, 2s, 5s, or 10s while touching or moving real objects to track the count. | 1.N.1.4 |
| Count forward, without objects, by multiples of 1s, 2s, 5s | Skip-counting is the building block for multiplication. Students practice counting forward by 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s out loud, reaching all the way to 100, without using fingers or objects to keep track. | 1.N.1.5 |
| Find a number that is 10 more or 10 less than a given number up to 100 | Starting from any number up to 100, students find what comes 10 steps above it or 10 steps below it. It's the mental jump that makes adding and subtracting by tens feel automatic. | 1.N.1.6 |
| Compare and order whole numbers from 0 to 100 | Students look at two or more numbers up to 100 and decide which is greater, which is less, and how to arrange them in order from smallest to largest or largest to smallest. | 1.N.1.7 |
| Use knowledge of number relationships to locate the position of a given whole… | Students place a number on a blank number line that has no labels, using what they know about how numbers relate to each other. For example, they decide where 13 goes based on knowing it falls between 10 and 20. | 1.N.1.8 |
| Use words such as "more than," "less than," and "equal to" to describe the… | Students compare two numbers and say which is more, which is less, or whether they are the same. This is the language behind every number line, price tag, and score they will ever read. | 1.N.1.9 |
| Solve addition and subtraction problems with sums and minuends of up to 10 in… | Students add and subtract numbers up to 10 to solve everyday problems, like figuring out how many apples are left after some are eaten or how many total there are when groups are combined. | 1.N.2 |
| Represent and solve problems using addition and subtraction with sums and… | Students solve simple adding and subtracting problems where the total never goes above 10. They use pictures, objects, or number sentences to show how they got the answer. | 1.N.2.1 |
| Determine if equations involving addition and subtraction are true | Students look at a simple addition or subtraction equation and decide whether both sides actually balance. For example, they check whether 3 + 4 = 8 is true or false. | 1.N.2.2 |
| Demonstrate fluency with basic facts of addition and subtraction with sums and… | Students practice adding and subtracting small numbers until the answers come quickly, without counting on fingers. The biggest numbers they work with add up to 10. | 1.N.2.3 |
| Develop foundational ideas for fractions | Students start learning what it means to split something into equal parts. They might cut a shape in half or share a snack evenly between two people. | 1.N.3 |
| Partition a regular polygon using physical models and recognize when those… | Students divide shapes like squares and circles into equal parts using hands-on materials, then check that each piece is the same size. | 1.N.3.1 |
| Partition (fair share) sets of objects into two and three equal groups | Students split a small group of objects into two or three equal shares so each share has the same amount. Think dividing 6 apples equally between two friends. | 1.N.3.2 |
| Identify coins and their values | Students match pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters to their cent values. This is the foundation for counting money and making change later on. | 1.N.4 |
| Identify pennies, nickels, dimes | Students learn to recognize pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters and know what each one is worth. | 1.N.4.1 |
| Write a number with the cent symbol to describe the value of a coin | Students learn to write the value of a penny, nickel, dime, or quarter using the cent symbol, like 25¢. This connects the coin they can hold to the number they write on paper. | 1.N.4.2 |
| Determine the value of a collection of pennies, nickels | Students count a small pile of matching coins, pennies, nickels, or dimes, and figure out the total amount up to one dollar. They practice counting by ones, fives, or tens depending on which coin they're working with. | 1.N.4.3 |
Students spot repeating patterns in everyday objects and simple math problems, like a row of alternating colored shapes or a number sequence, and describe what comes next.
Students spot patterns that repeat, grow, or shrink, then figure out what comes next. They work with everyday things like counting sequences, coin arrangements, or rows of shapes.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Identify patterns found in real-world and mathematical problems | Students spot repeating patterns in everyday objects and simple math problems, like a row of alternating colored shapes or a number sequence, and describe what comes next. | 1.A.1 |
| Identify, create, complete | Students spot patterns that repeat, grow, or shrink, then figure out what comes next. They work with everyday things like counting sequences, coin arrangements, or rows of shapes. | 1.A.1.1 |
Students sort and name shapes like triangles, rectangles, and cubes, then put smaller shapes together to build larger ones.
Students learn to spot trapezoids and hexagons in a lineup, whether the shapes look "textbook perfect" or a little lopsided. When someone names the shape, students point to the right one.
Students put smaller shapes together to build a specific larger shape, like filling a rectangle with triangles or squares. The goal is the named shape, not just any arrangement.
Students build simple structures using 3D shapes like cubes, cylinders, and cones, learning how different shapes stack or fit together to make something new.
Students sort and name 3D shapes like cubes, cones, cylinders, pyramids, and spheres. They learn what makes each shape different, such as flat faces versus curved surfaces.
Students measure how long or how full something is, first using informal tools like paper clips or cups, then switching to rulers and standard measuring cups.
Students measure how long objects are, first with everyday items like paper clips or cubes, then with a ruler. The goal is to see that length stays the same no matter which tool you use.
Measuring means lining up equal-size pieces from one end of an object to the other, with no spaces and no overlaps. Students count how many pieces fit to find the length.
Students measure the same object twice, using two different-sized units, then explain why the counts came out different. The shorter the unit, the more you need to cover the same length.
Students measure something like a pencil or book and say how long it is using a real unit (like inches or centimeters) or a stand-in like paper clips. They report the measurement as a whole number.
Students fill containers with water, sand, or blocks to figure out which holds more, less, or the same. They use everyday objects alongside standard tools to compare capacity.
Students read clocks and calendars to understand time. They learn the order of days and months, practice telling time to the hour, and begin making sense of how long things take.
Students read a clock and say whether the time is on the hour (like 3:00) or the half-hour (like 3:30). They practice with both the kind of clock that has hands and the kind that shows numbers.
Students read a calendar to count days, weeks, and months, and connect those units to show how they build up to a year.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Recognize and compose two- and three-dimensional shapes | Students sort and name shapes like triangles, rectangles, and cubes, then put smaller shapes together to build larger ones. | 1.GM.1 |
| Identify regular and irregular trapezoids and hexagons by pointing to the shape… | Students learn to spot trapezoids and hexagons in a lineup, whether the shapes look "textbook perfect" or a little lopsided. When someone names the shape, students point to the right one. | 1.GM.1.1 |
| Compose larger, defined shapes using smaller two-dimensional shapes | Students put smaller shapes together to build a specific larger shape, like filling a rectangle with triangles or squares. The goal is the named shape, not just any arrangement. | 1.GM.1.2 |
| Compose structures with three-dimensional shapes | Students build simple structures using 3D shapes like cubes, cylinders, and cones, learning how different shapes stack or fit together to make something new. | 1.GM.1.3 |
| Recognize three-dimensional shapes such as cubes, cones, cylinders, pyramids | Students sort and name 3D shapes like cubes, cones, cylinders, pyramids, and spheres. They learn what makes each shape different, such as flat faces versus curved surfaces. | 1.GM.1.4 |
| Select and use nonstandard and standard units to describe length and… | Students measure how long or how full something is, first using informal tools like paper clips or cups, then switching to rulers and standard measuring cups. | 1.GM.2 |
| Use nonstandard and standard measuring tools to measure the length of objects | Students measure how long objects are, first with everyday items like paper clips or cubes, then with a ruler. The goal is to see that length stays the same no matter which tool you use. | 1.GM.2.1 |
| Illustrate that the length of an object is the number of same-size units of… | Measuring means lining up equal-size pieces from one end of an object to the other, with no spaces and no overlaps. Students count how many pieces fit to find the length. | 1.GM.2.2 |
| Measure the same object/distance with units of two different lengths | Students measure the same object twice, using two different-sized units, then explain why the counts came out different. The shorter the unit, the more you need to cover the same length. | 1.GM.2.3 |
| Describe a length to the nearest whole unit using a number with standard and… | Students measure something like a pencil or book and say how long it is using a real unit (like inches or centimeters) or a stand-in like paper clips. They report the measurement as a whole number. | 1.GM.2.4 |
| Use standard and nonstandard tools to identify volume/capacity | Students fill containers with water, sand, or blocks to figure out which holds more, less, or the same. They use everyday objects alongside standard tools to compare capacity. | 1.GM.2.5 |
| Describe and measure concepts of time | Students read clocks and calendars to understand time. They learn the order of days and months, practice telling time to the hour, and begin making sense of how long things take. | 1.GM.3 |
| Tell time to the hour and half-hour | Students read a clock and say whether the time is on the hour (like 3:00) or the half-hour (like 3:30). They practice with both the kind of clock that has hands and the kind that shows numbers. | 1.GM.3.1 |
| Describe and measure calendar time by days, weeks, months | Students read a calendar to count days, weeks, and months, and connect those units to show how they build up to a year. | 1.GM.3.2 |
Students sort real objects or answers into groups, count each group, and say what the numbers show. For example, they might tally favorite colors in class and explain which group had the most.
Students gather information, sort it into groups, and record it using tally marks, tables, or overlapping circles. The goal is to see patterns in what was counted.
Students collect simple information, then draw a picture graph or bar graph where each picture or bar section stands for exactly one thing counted.
Students look at simple charts and bar graphs and answer questions about what the data shows, such as which group has the most or least.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Collect, organize, and interpret categorical and numerical data | Students sort real objects or answers into groups, count each group, and say what the numbers show. For example, they might tally favorite colors in class and explain which group had the most. | 1.D.1 |
| Collect, sort, and organize data in up to three categories using representations | Students gather information, sort it into groups, and record it using tally marks, tables, or overlapping circles. The goal is to see patterns in what was counted. | 1.D.1.1 |
| Use data to create pictographs and bar graphs that demonstrate one-to-one… | Students collect simple information, then draw a picture graph or bar graph where each picture or bar section stands for exactly one thing counted. | 1.D.1.2 |
| Draw conclusions from pictographs and bar graphs | Students look at simple charts and bar graphs and answer questions about what the data shows, such as which group has the most or least. | 1.D.1.3 |
Students should count, read, and write numbers up to 100, and add and subtract within 10 without much thinking. They should also tell time to the hour and half-hour, name coins, and measure with a ruler or other tool.
Count coins from a jar, set the clock for snack time, or ask how many more crackers are needed to make 10. Short, real moments like these build the same skills students practice in class. Five minutes a day adds up.
Tens and ones is the idea that makes bigger numbers make sense. Once students see 34 as 3 tens and 4 ones, comparing numbers and finding 10 more or 10 less gets much easier. It also sets up addition with larger numbers next year.
Start with counting, number recognition, and building numbers with tens and ones. Layer in addition and subtraction facts to 10 across the fall and winter, then bring in measurement, time, coins, and shapes once number sense is steady. Save data and graphing for short units tied to other topics.
Students answer facts like 6 plus 3 or 8 minus 5 in a few seconds without counting on fingers every time. They also know which pairs make 10. Daily short practice with flashcards, dice, or dot cards gets them there.
Finger counting is fine early in the year and helps students see how numbers come apart and back together. By spring, the goal is to know small facts from memory. Practice pairs that make 10 and doubles like 4 plus 4 to speed things up.
Place value with two-digit numbers, telling time to the half-hour, and coin values almost always need a second pass. Plan a short review block in the spring that loops back to tens and ones, clock reading, and counting mixed coins.
Ready students can count to 100, jump by 2s, 5s, and 10s, and find 10 more or 10 less than a number. They add and subtract within 10 quickly, read a clock to the half-hour, and identify pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters by value.
Keep an analog clock where students can see it and ask what time something happens. Point out the hour hand first, then the minute hand at 12 or 6. A few questions a day at meals or bedtime is plenty.